VAP #HAP #pneumonia The diagnosis of VAP is difficult as clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia, such as fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis, are nonspecific in critically ill patients. Moreover, particularly in HAP and VAP after Guidelines Adherence to evidence based guidelines for the management of pneumonia in a tertiary teaching hospital in Riyadh ScienceDirect Approccio Diagnostico terapeutico e Criticit nella Gestione delle VAP